负责:如何治疗乳腺癌?
乳腺癌死亡率——每100人中因乳腺癌死亡的人数,在过去十年中,这一数字有所下降, 很可能是因为新的, more effective treatments and increased screening of women leading to early detection.
治疗方案可能包括以下内容:
手术
你的乳房外科十大赌博平台排行榜可能会用几种方法中的一种来切除肿瘤. 乳房肿瘤切除术只切除肿块和周围正常组织的边缘. 接受乳房肿瘤切除术的女性几乎都要经历6到7周的 乳房放射治疗 杀死任何残留的癌细胞.
全乳切除术是切除乳房的手术, 包括尽可能多的乳房组织, 乳头和上面的一些皮肤. 乳房部分切除术比乳房肿瘤切除术切除更多的乳房组织, 但效果不如乳房全切除术. A modified radical mastectomy is a more extensive operation that removes not only the entire breast, 还有腋下淋巴结(腋窝淋巴结). 乳房根治性切除术, which removes chest wall muscles as well as the breast and axillary lymph nodes used to be a common form of surgery, 但现在很少有人再表演了.
淋巴结切除
不管你做的是哪种乳房手术, 你的十大赌博平台排行榜通常会切除你腋下的一些淋巴结, 一种叫做淋巴结清扫的手术. 这些腋窝淋巴结有时含有癌细胞.
知道腋窝淋巴结是否受累, 或者癌症呈“阳性”, helps your doctor determine whether your cancer is likely to have spread beyond the breast, 还有哪些额外的治疗方法, 比如化疗, 最有可能帮助你的人.
前哨淋巴结活检
Another way to decide whether cancer is present in the lymph nodes is to perform a sentinel lymph node biopsy. 在切除癌症的手术中, a radioactive tracer and/or a blue dye is injected into the region of the tumor. The surgeon then watches to see which lymph node is the first to receive the dye or tracer as it is carried away from the tumor site by the lymphatic vessels. 然后外科十大赌博平台排行榜切除这个“前哨”淋巴结. If it is free of cancer, your doctor may not need to remove any other lymph nodes.
这个程序还很新, but many doctors believe that it will prove to be as effective as axillary dissection in at least some patients. This could be important because removal of the lymph nodes produces a condition called lymphedema (swelling of the arm) in 10 percent to 20 percent of women with breast cancer. It is hoped that decreasing the amount of surgery performed in the armpit will decrease lymphedema and other side effects.
乳房重建
许多妇女选择让整形外科十大赌博平台排行榜重建她们的乳房, 无论是在切除乳房的时候还是之后. 外科十大赌博平台排行榜可能会使用含盐的植入物, 身体其他部位的组织, 或者两者都重建一个自然的乳房和乳头.
Reconstruction should be discussed with a plastic surgeon before you have your mastectomy. 加州法律要求保险公司承担乳房再造的费用.
乳房形式
有些女性使用乳房形式, 也叫乳房假体, 而不是通过手术来重建乳房. The prosthesis, which is made of a soft synthetic material, is fitted after your incision has healed. 你可以用假体来搭配你的旧胸罩, 或者你可以使用特殊的乳房切除术胸罩. Many department and specialty stores can help you with obtaining a comfortably fitting form and bra.
乳房形状和胸罩的费用可能是免税的. 保险公司通常会支付乳房塑形和乳房切除术胸罩的费用, but may not pay for subsequent reconstructive surgery if you submit a claim for prosthetic equipment. 先向你的保险公司查询详情.
化疗
用抗癌药物治疗被称为化疗. 化疗 drugs may be given intravenously — injected into a vein — or by mouth. 化疗 is designed to kill cancer cells that have traveled to distant parts of the body, 它的使用已经被证明可以降低乳腺癌复发的风险.
通常使用几种药物的组合. 最常见的组合是环磷酰胺, 甲氨蝶呤和氟尿嘧啶(CMF), 环磷酰胺, 阿霉素和氟尿嘧啶(CAF), 阿霉素和环磷酰胺(AC). 也可以使用紫杉醇.
化疗是周期进行的,中间有一个恢复期. 一个完整的化疗疗程通常持续三到六个月.
除了杀死癌细胞, 化疗药物会破坏体内快速生长的正常细胞. 出于这个原因, 你可能会感到疲劳, 恶心想吐, 呕吐, 腹泻, 便秘, 体重变化, 口腔溃疡和喉咙疼痛, 或者化疗期间脱发. 你的十大赌博平台排行榜可以为这些暂时的副作用开处方. 例如,有几种药物可以预防或减轻恶心和呕吐. 可能发生的永久性影响, 尤其是老年女性, 包括过早绝经和不孕. 在极少数情况下,会出现更严重的副作用.
激素治疗
If the tests that the pathologist performs on your tumor indicate that the breast cancer cells are sensitive to female hormones (estrogen or progesterone receptor-positive), 十大赌博平台排行榜可能会建议你服用激素阻滞剂. This is a drug that prevents your body's natural hormones from reaching the cancer and encouraging its growth. 最常用的处方药是他莫昔芬. 另一种名为雷洛昔芬的药物目前正在研究中.
Most women do not experience any significant side effects from use of these drugs, 但是在你服用这些药物的时候,你应该在你的十大赌博平台排行榜的仔细监督下.
放射治疗
放射治疗, 乳房注射, is usually given to kill any remaining cancer cells after a woman undergoes a lumpectomy. 这种治疗在十大赌博平台排行榜的门诊部进行. 治疗通常每周安排5天,持续5至6周. 在治疗计划中, your chest is marked with a long-lasting ink so that the technicians who perform the therapy know where to aim the radiation.
副作用包括乳房肿胀和沉重, 皮肤发生类似晒伤的变化, 和疲劳. 这些变化通常会在6到12个月内消失, 尽管有些女性确实会注意到尺寸的永久性变化, 形状, 或者乳房的肤色.
对晚期疾病的特殊治疗
Women who have been treated with high doses of chemotherapy or radiation sometimes undergo 骨髓移植. 这个复杂的过程取代了骨髓中的造血细胞, 在强化的癌症治疗中经常受损.
Many kinds of experimental treatments may also be offered through clinical trials, 哪些是关于新疗法如何对患者起作用的研究.
什么是分期?
Staging means finding out how much cancer you have and whether it has spread (metastasized) to other places in your body. To obtain this information, your doctor will send a sample of the tumor to a pathologist for testing.
病理学家将决定你肿瘤的级别, 这是一种测量细胞在显微镜下异常程度的方法, 与正常细胞相比. The sample will also be tested to see if the tumor cells have receptors that make them sensitive to estrogen and progesterone — in other words, 它们是否“受体阳性”.“这些激素在乳腺癌的发展中很重要. If receptors are present, it may be possible to treat the cancer with hormonal therapy. 病理学家也可能检测致癌基因(致癌基因)。, 包括一种叫做HER2的病毒, 在异常细胞中.
乳腺癌分为0期到4期. Stage 0 is non-invasive cancer; stage IV cancer is a tumor that has spread to other organs of the body. 其他阶段描述的是介于两者之间的肿瘤. 确定你的癌症的阶段, doctors consider both the size of the tumor and evidence that it has spread to the lymph nodes under the armpit or to the chest wall.
更多信息请参见 乳腺癌分期.
阅读更多
- 负责的下一部分: 什么是卵巢癌?
回到接管指数
加州大学旧金山分校健康医学专家已经审查了这些信息. It is for educational purposes only and is not intended to replace the advice of your doctor or other health care provider. We encourage you to discuss any questions or concerns you may have with your provider.